[1] Eakins, Thomas. 1889. The Agnew Clinic. Painting. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Philadelphia Museum of Art. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:The_Agnew_Clinic_-_Thomas_Eakins.jpg.
[2] Woodbury, William A. 1911. Beauty Culture. London: T. Fisher Unwin. https://openlibrary.org/books/OL26987588M/Beauty_Culture.
[3] Unknown. 1903. Evelyn Nesbit, circa 1903. Photograph. Private Collection. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Evelyn_Nesbitt_circa_1903.jpg.
[4] Unknown. 1910. Photographic Postcard of Harriet Tubman’s Great Nieces, Eva and Alida Stewart. Ink on Paper. Washington, DC. Smithsonian National Museum of African American History and Culture. https://www.si.edu/object/photographic-postcard-harriet-tubmans-great-nieces-eva-and-alida-stewart%3Anmaahc_2009.50.23.
[5] International Film Service. 1917. Operating Room in American Hospital in Paris. Glass Negative. Washington, DC. Library of Congress. https://www.loc.gov/pictures/item/2017672122/.
[6] ARC. 1919. Operating Room. American Women’s Hospital No. 1. Luzancy, France. Glass Negative. Washington, DC. Library of Congress. https://www.loc.gov/pictures/item/2017669502/.
[7] Passot, Raymond. 1927. “New Faces for Old.” The Sphere, April 2, 1927. https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001861/19270402/013/0011.
[8] Gillies, Harold Delf. 1920. “Case 627.” In Plastic Surgery of the Face Based on Selected Cases of War Injuries of the Face Including Burns with Original Illustrations, 244–45. London: Frowde. https://archive.org/details/plasticsurgeryof00gilluoft/page/244/mode/2up.
[9] Southworth & Hawes. 1907. Operating Room of the Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston. Photographic Print of Daguerreotype by Southworth & Hawes, ca. 1850. Washington, DC. Library of Congress. https://www.loc.gov/pictures/item/2004667744/.
[10] Walker, Alexander. 1852. Beauty: Illustrated by an Analysis and Classification of Beauty in Woman. London: H. G. Bohn. https://archive.org/details/BeautyIllustratedByAnAnalysisAndClassificationOfBeautyInWoman/page/n486/mode/thumb.
[11] Sutherland, William George. 1900. The Lady’s Mirror. London: Central Publishing Co. https://archive.org/details/b28085127.
[12] Miller, Charles Conrad. 1907. Cosmetic Surgery. Chicago: The Author. https://archive.org/details/correctionfeatu00millgoog/page/n3/mode/2up.
[13] Ricketts, Benjamin Merrill. 1910. “The Newer Surgery.” The Western and Southern Medical Recorder CIV (16): 12–16. https://link-gale-com.i.ezproxy.nypl.org/apps/doc/CBCQSX449980058/NCCO?u=nypl&sid=bookmark-NCCO&xid=6dbe3e23.
[14] Chambers, George. 1886. Agnew Clinic, Interior, Surgery Demonstration. Photograph. University of Pennsylvania: University Archives Image Collection. https://library.artstor.org/#/public/SS7732016_7732016_12331932.
[15] Schimmelbusch Anaesthetic Mask. 1870s. Glass, Rubber, Steel, Muslin. London. The Old Operating Theatre Museum & Herb Garret. https://my.mpskin.com/en/tour/t5k2hx3mk#cnt-bE4wnCTOAwe.
[16] Reutlinger, Les Modes. 1901. Robe de Ville. Photograph. Paris, France. Gallica, Bibliothèque nationale de France. https://bit.ly/3outBqq.
[17] Combe, William. 1820. Doctor and Mrs Syntax, with Other Elderly People, Taking Laughing Gas in the House of a Tooth-Drawer in Paris. Coloured Aquatint. London. Wellcome Collection. https://wellcomecollection.org/works/ckxs7a47.
[18] H. & A. Hill. 1840. A Man Breathing in Nitrous Oxide (Laughing Gas) and a Man Exhibiting Its Exhilarating Effects. Wood Engraving. London. Wellcome Collection. https://wellcomecollection.org/works/ke2vszzd.
[19] Armstrong Davison, M. H. 1949. Fig. 2: Ramond Lully, from an Old Print in the Possession of the Author. Journal. Anaesthesia: Volume 4, Issue 4. https://associationofanaesthetists-publications.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/j.1365-2044.1949.tb05840.x.
[20] Southworth & Hawes. 1847. Photographs of Early Ether Anesthesia Operations at Massachusetts General Hospital. Daguerreotype. Boston, Massachusetts. Massachusetts General Hospital Archives and Special Collections. https://collections.countway.harvard.edu/onview/exhibits/show/introduction/item/18185.
[21] Prosperi, Warren, and Lucia Prosperi. 2001. Ether Day 1846. Oil on Canvas. Boston, Massachusetts. Russell Museum, Massachusetts General Hospital. https://www.russellmuseum.org/ether-day-1846/.
[22] Unknown. 1847. Sir J. Y. Simpson and Two Friends, Having Tested Chloroform on Themselves, Lying Insensible on the Floor around a Table. Pen and Ink on Bristol Board. London. Wellcome Collection. https://wellcomecollection.org/works/my6sx36s.
[23] Duncan, Flockhart and Co. 1896-1945. Bottle of Chloroform. Glass and Paper. London. Science Museum. https://collection.sciencemuseumgroup.org.uk/objects/co185567/bottle-of-chloroform-united-kingdom-1896-1945-chloroform%20%C2%A0.
[24] Board, Ernest. c.1912. The First Use of Ether in Dental Surgery, 1846. Oil Painting. London. Wellcome Collection. https://wellcomecollection.org/works/t99vetuz.
[25] Spencer, Carita. 1917. Hospital in High Dolomites Where Many of the Supplies of the Surgical Dressings (Mrs. Willard) Have Gone. The Rubber Gloves and Chloroform Being Used Are American. Glass Negative. Washington, DC. Library of Congress. https://www.loc.gov/pictures/item/2017676942/.
[26] H. C. White Co. 1905. Amputating the Shattered Leg of a Wounded Soldier, Operating Room the Military Reserve Hospital, Hiroshima, Japan. Stereograph, Gelatin Silver. Washington, DC. Library of Congress. https://www.loc.gov/pictures/item/2002706975/.
[27] Unknown. 1856. John Snow. Autotype. Bethesda, Maryland. National Library of Medicine. http://resource.nlm.nih.gov/101434295.
[28] Snow, John, and Benjamin Ward Richardson. 1858. On Chloroform and Other Anaesthetics: Their Action and Administration. London: John Churchill. https://archive.org/details/onchloroformothe1858snow/page/n9/mode/2up.
[29] Franchère, Joseph-Charles. 1905. Le Docteur Hingston Pratiquant Une Opération Chirurgicale. Oil on Canvas. Quebec, Canada. Hôtel-Dieu de Montréal. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:La_salle_d%27op%C3%A9ration_du_Dr._Hingston_v2.jpg.
[30] Zinkeisen, Anna Katrina. 1944. The Plastic Surgeon Archibald McIndoe Conducting an Operation in a Theatre of the Queen Victoria Plastic and Jaw Injury Centre in East Grinstead, Sussex. Oil on Canvas. London. Imperial War Museum. https://www.iwm.org.uk/collections/item/object/38944.
[31] Downey, William. 1885. Artist and Socialite, Lilly Langtry. Photograph. United Kingdom. The National Archives. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Lilly_Langtry,_1885.jpg.
[32] as [10]
[33] Med. Press and Circular. 1901. “A New Departure in Cosmetic Surgery.” The Western and Southern Medical RecorderXLVI (March). https://link-gale-com.i.ezproxy.nypl.org/apps/doc/COYMGR524846089/NCCO?u=nypl&sid=bookmark-NCCO&xid=bff3a8bf.
[34] Coronet Corset Co. 1900. Advertisement for the New Figure “Flexibone Moulded Corset”. Magazine Advertisement. The Ladies’ Home Journal 1900-10: Vol 17 Iss 11. https://bit.ly/3UQY7XD.
[35] Scott, Charles H. 1905. “The Scott” Ventilated Hip Pad & Bustle. Cotton. The Underpinnings Museum. https://underpinningsmuseum.com/museum-collections/the-scott-ventilated-hip-pad-bustle-by-charles-h-scott/.
[36] Unknown. 1900. Soutien Des Seine Par Une Brassiere. Photograph. Private Collection. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Soutien_des_seine_par_une_brassiere.jpg .
[37] Winterset, Iowa studio. c.1900. Woman with Straw Hat. Photograph. Private Collection. https://www.flickr.com/photos/36486052@N03/4199360904/in/photostream/.
[38] A. J. Earp. c.1900s. Portrait of a Black Woman. Photograph. Private Collection. http://myancestorsname.blogspot.com/2014/01/who-is-this-lady-from-kentucky.html.
[39] Rotary Photo Series. c.1910s. British Postcard of Camille Clifford. Printed Postcard. Private Collection. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Camille_Clifford_2.jpg.
[40] Unknown. c.1900s. Japanese Woman in Western Dress and Hat. Collotype with hand colouring; ink on card stock. Boston, Massachusetts. Museum of Fine Arts Boston. https://collections.mfa.org/objects/420598.
[41] Silvy, Camille. 1862. Omoba Aina (Sarah Forbes Bonetta (Later Davies)). Albumen Print. London. National Portrait Gallery. https://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/portrait/mw86361/Sarah-Forbes-Bonetta-Sarah-Davies.
[42] Les Modes. 1908. Le Corset Thylda. Les Modes, October 1908. https://bit.ly/3Aiuipm.
[43] English School, 19th century. 1870s. Portrait of a Woman and Her Greyhound, c.1870. Oil on canvas. Private Collection.
